BIZCHINA / Trade
Tariff
(Wikipedia)
Updated: 2006-10-13 14:21
A tariff is a tax on imported goods. When a ship arrives in port a
customs officer inspects the contents and charges a tax according to the
tariff formula. Since the goods cannot be landed until the tax is paid it
is the easiest tax to collect, and the cost of collection is small.
Smugglers of course seek to evade the tariff.
An ad valorem tax is a percentage of the value of the item, say 10 cents
on the dollar, while a specific tariff is so-much per weight, say $5 per
ton.
A "revenue tariff" is a set of rates designed primarily to raise money
for the government. A tariff on coffee imports, for example (by a country
that does not grow coffee) raises a steady flow of revenue.
A "protective tariff" is intended to artificially inflate prices of
imports and "protect" domestic industries from foreign competition. For
example, a 50% tax on a machine that importers formerly sold for $100 and
now sell for $150. Without a tariff the local manufacturers could only
charge $100 for the same machine; now they can charge $149 and make the
sale.
A prohibitive tariff is one so high that no one imports any of that item.
The distinction between protective and revenue tariffs is subtle:
protective tariffs in addition to protecting local producers also raise
revenue; revenue tariffs produce revenue but they also offer some
protection to local producers. (A pure revenue tariff is a tax on goods
not produced in the country, like coffee perhaps.)
Tax, tariff and trade rules in modern times are usually set together
because of their common impact on industrial policy, investment policy,
and agricultural policy. A trade bloc is a group of allied countries
agreeing to minimize or eliminate tariffs against trade with each other,
and possibly to impose protective tariffs on imports from outside the
bloc. A customs union has a common external tariff, and, according to an
agreed formula, the participating countries share the revenues from
tariffs on goods entering the customs union.
If a country's major industries lose to foreign competition, the loss of
jobs and tax revenue can severely impair parts of that country's economy.
Protective tariffs have been used as a measure against this possibility.
However, protective tariffs have disadvantages as well. The most notable
is that they increase the price of the good subject to the tariff,
disadvantaging consumers of that good or manufacturers who use that good
to produce something else: for example a tariff on food can increase
poverty, while a tariff on steel can make automobile manufacture less
competitive. They can also backfire if countries whose trade is
disadvantaged by the tariff impose tariffs of their own, resulting in a
trade war and disadvantaging both sides.
There are two main ways of implementing a tariff:
An ad valorem tariff is a fixed percentage of the value of the good that
is being imported. Sometimes these are problematic as when the
international price of a good falls, so does the tariff, and domestic
industries become more vulnerable to competition. Conversely when the
price of a good rises on the international market so does the tariff, but
a country is often less interested in protection when the price is
higher. They also face the problem of transfer pricing where a company
declares a value for goods being traded which differs from the market
price, aimed at reducing overall taxes due.
A specific tariff is a tariff of a specific amount of money that does not
vary with the price of the good. These tariffs may be harder to decide
the amount at which to set them, and they may need to be updated due to
changes in the market or inflation.
Adherents of supply-side economics sometimes refer to domestic taxes,
such as income taxes, as being a "tariff" affecting inter-household trade.
(For more biz stories, please visit Industry Updates)
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